Diabetic Retinopathy - References
Citations
American Diabetes Association (2011). Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2011. Diabetes Care, 34(Suppl 1): S11-S61.
Other Works Consulted
American Diabetes Association (2011). Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2011. Diabetes Care, 34(Suppl 1): S11-S61.
Brownlee M, et al. (2008). Complications of diabetes mellitus: Retinopathy, macular edema, and other ocular complications. In HM Kronenberg et al., eds., Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 11th ed., pp. 1432-1501. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Cavallerano JD, Stanton RM (2010). MIcrovascular complications. In RS Beaser, ed., Joslin's Diabetes Deskbook: A Guide for Primary Care Providers, 2nd ed., pp. 445-473. Boston: Joslin Diabetes Center.
Dagogo-Jack S (2010). Complications of diabetes mellitus. In EG Nabel, ed., ACP Medicine, section 9, chap. 3. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker.
Fletcher EC, et al. (2008). Retinal vascular diseases: Diabetic retinopathy. In P Riordan-Eva, JP Whitcher, eds., Vaughan and Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 17th ed., pp. 191-211. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fong D, et al. (2004). Retinopathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(Suppl 1): S84-S87.
Gebel E (2010). Aids for insulin users. Diabetes Forecast, 63(1). Available online: http://forecast.diabetes.org/magazine/features/aids-insulin-users.
Hammes HP, et al. (2010). Diabetic retinopathy: Targeting vasoregression. Diabetes, 60(1): 9-16. Available online: http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/60/1/9.full.
Massin P, et al. (2010). Safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE study*). Diabetes Care, 33(11): 2399-2405. Available online: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2399.full.pdf.
Mendrinos E, et al. (2008). Diabetic retinopathy, search date March 2007. Online version of Clinical Evidence: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
Nicholson BP, Schachat AP (2010). A review of clinical trials of anti-VEGF agents for diabetic retinopathy. Graefe's Archive of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 248(7): 915-930.
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
Last Updated:
March 22, 2011
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Diabetic Retinopathy Topics
Is This Normal?
Get the Facts Fast!Answer:
Your level is currently NormalHigh (hyperglycemia).Low (hypoglycemia). |
If the level is below 70 and you are experiencing symptoms such as shaking, sweating or difficulty thinking, you will need to raise the number immediately. A quick solution is to eat a few pieces of hard candy or 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey. Recheck your numbers again in 15 minutes to see if the number has gone up. If not, repeat the steps above or call your doctor.
People who experience hypoglycemia several times in a week should call their health care provider. It's important to monitor your levels each day so you can make sure your numbers are within the range. If you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider.
If the level is below 70 and you are experiencing symptoms such as shaking, sweating or difficulty thinking, you will need to raise the number immediately. A quick solution is to eat a few pieces of hard candy or 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey. Recheck your numbers again in 15 minutes to see if the number has gone up. If not, repeat the steps above or call your doctor.
People who experience hypoglycemia several times in a week should call their health care provider. It's important to monitor your levels each day so you can make sure your numbers are within the range. If you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider.
Your blood sugar level is slightly high. You should call your health care provider and ask if laboratory tests to check for diabetes are needed. If you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider.
Congratulations on taking steps to manage your health.
However, it's important to continue to track your numbers so that you can make lifestyle changes if needed. If you are pregnant always consult with your physician.
Your level is currently normal. However, if you are concerned about diabetes speak with your physician. There may be other risk factors that increase your risk for diabetes.
Your level is high if this reading was taken before eating. Aim for 70-130 before meals and less than 180 two hours after meals.
Even if your number is high, it's not too late for you to take control of your health and lower your blood sugar.
One of the first steps is to monitor your levels each day. If you are pregnant always consult with your physician.
Your blood sugar level may be high, depending on when you last ate. If you have not eaten for at least 8 hours, your blood sugar should be less than 100. If you've eaten within the last 2 hours, your blood sugar should be less than 140. You should call your health care provider and ask if you need laboratory tests to check for diabetes. If you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider.
Blood sugars consistently above 180 warrant prompt medical attention.
Even if your number is high, it's not too late for you to take control of your health and lower your blood sugar.
One of the first steps is to monitor your levels each day. If you are pregnant always consult with your physician.
Your blood sugar level is high. You should call your health care provider and ask if laboratory tests to check for diabetes are needed. If you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider.
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