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What Pills Can I Take to Control My Diabetes?

Diabetes pills help control blood sugar (glucose) levels in people whose bodies still produce some insulin. These drugs are usually prescribed along with recommendations for making specific dietary changes and getting regular exercise. Often, several of these drugs are used in combination to achieve optimal blood sugar control.

The guide below provides general information about different oral drugs for diabetes. Always take your medicine exactly as prescribed and discuss any specific concerns you might have with your health care provider.

The following are the seven categories of diabetes pills:

Types of Pills

How They Work for Diabetes

Sulfonylureas (first and second generation)

 

Lower blood sugar by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin.

Biguanides

Improve insulin's effectiveness and lower blood sugar by decreasing the amount of glucose released by the liver.

Sulfonylurea and biguanide combination

Stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin, improves insulin's action in the body, and lowers the amount of glucose released by the liver.

Thiazolidinediones

Improve insulin's effectiveness and lower the amount of glucose made by the liver.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Lower blood sugar by slowing glucose absorption in the small intestine. Block certain body chemicals (enzymes) to slow down the digestion of certain starches.

Meglitinides

Lower blood sugar by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin. Must be taken before meals or the insulin released will be blocked, preventing lowering of blood sugar

First Generation Sulfonylureas for Diabetes

Medication Name

Tablet Form

Recommended Dosage Range

acetohexamide (Dymelor)

chlorpropamide (Diabinese)

tolbutamide (Orinase)

tolazamide (Tolinase)

250 mg, 500 mg

100 mg, 250 mg

500 mg

100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg

250-1,500 mg

100-500 mg

250-3,000 mg

100-1,000 mg

How They Work:

Stimulate pancreas to release more insulin

Side Effects:

- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

- Upset stomach

- Skin rash or itching

- Weight gain

Comments/Special Instructions:

Take 1/2 to 1 hour before meals.

Second Generation Sulfonylureas for Diabetes

Medication Name

Tablet Form

Recommended Dosage Range

glipizide
(Glucotrol)
(Glucotrol XL)

5 mg, 10 mg

5 mg, 10 mg

5-40 mg

5-20 mg *

glyburide
(DiaBeta, Micronase)
(Glynase PresTab)

1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg

1.5 mg, 3 mg, 6 mg

1.25-20 mg

0.75-12 mg

glimepiride (Amaryl)

1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg

1-8 mg *

How They Work:

Stimulate pancreas to release more insulin

Side Effects:

- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

- Upset stomach

- Skin rash or itching

- Weight gain

Comments/Special Instructions:

Take 1/2 to 1 hour before meals.

Note: Glimepiride is taken with first meal of the day.

* once a day

 

Biguanides for Diabetes

Medication Name

Tablet Form

Recommended Dosage Range

Metformin

 

 

(Glucophage)

500 mg, 850 mg

500-2,550 mg

(Glucophage XR)

500 mg

500-2,000 mg

How They Work:

Improve insulin's effectiveness

Lower amount of glucose released by the liver

Side Effects:

- Upset stomach (nausea, diarrhea)

- Metallic taste in mouth

Comments/Special Instructions:

Do not cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when prescribed as the only diabetes drug.

Usually do not cause weight gain.

Should be temporarily stopped before hospitalization, surgery, or when getting certain X-ray tests.

Patient should have regular tests to detect liver and/or kidney problems.

 

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